A diaspora is a large group of people with a similar heritage or homeland who have since moved out to places all over the world. Tanzanians in the United Kingdom are citizens or residents of the United Kingdom whose ethnic or national origins lie fully or partially in Tanzania. The UK Census revealed the presence of 32, Tanzanian-born people in the country.
The Office of National Statistics estimated that in this figure had risen to approximately 36, This figure does not include British-born people of Tanzanian origin.
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See all our announcements. See all our publications. A post-doctoral researcher recruited from our collaborators in Tanzania or Nigeria will investigate transcription factor binding the techniques used will be EMSA - 'electrophoretic mobility shift assays', ChIP - 'chromatin immunoprecipitation' and chromatin looping a folding of the DNA that occurs in active cells to position regulatory elements next to their target genes, the technique we will use is called '4C-seq' and gene activity in relationship with the genotype of the cells studied.
From these we will create a genetic score that can be calculated for each patient, aimed at predicting HbF levels and clinical severity in sickle cell disease. This score will become a parameter ascertained in genetic and clinical studies, including drug trials, helping to make such studies more informative; 3 to help build capacity and expertise for sickle cell research in Tanzania and Nigeria through training of researchers and building of extensive genetic datasets for their patient cohorts.
To determine which insecticide is most effective against resistant local malaria vectors in southern Tanzania when used on insecticide treated eaves nets ITENs and insecticide treated window screens ITWS. To select the most effective, long-lasting and cost effective ITENs and ITWS product for use in a cluster randomised trial in southern Tanzania with epidemiological malaria outcomes.
Secondary 1. Severe acute malnutrition SAM remains common among young children in low-income countries. In the past few decades the introduction of ready-to-use therapeutic foods RUTF into community-based SAM management has revolutionised SAM treatment by broadening access, improving outcomes, reducing hospital stays, and reducing costs.
However, currently used RUTF products have formulations which do not result in optimal status of essential fatty acids EFAs which are required for brain and cognitive development.
SAM is associated with impaired cognitive development in children, even many years after their nutritional recovery. Recommendations for SAM management include provision of caregiver education in stimulating their child psychosocial PS intervention as this has been shown to improve cognitive development in children with SAM.
This component of SAM management often receives little attention during hospital treatment and has not been integrated into community SAM management. Currently, tested PS interventions, which show benefit to development of children with SAM, are too intensive and costly for scaling up and PS interventions used more broadly in the community for all children have shown some, but limited benefit. In the current study we need to adapt both these interventions for use in Tanzania.
An appropriate RUTF formulation for testing in a trial has been developed by Nutriset, the company which currently provides RUTF globally, but we need to determine the acceptability of this new formulation to Tanzanian children with SAM and their caregivers. We will work with local health care staff, agencies interested in child development, and caregivers of children with SAM to develop a PS intervention based on the World Health Organization recommendations and on what is currently being used locally.
We will then pilot both the novel RUTF and the PS intervention developed, among children with SAM, to determine EFA status at recruitment and 8 weeks after recruitment and child development and brain function at 16 weeks after recruitment.
Cognitive development will be measured by the Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool MDAT which is well validated in Africa and has been adapted for use with Tanzanian children as well as by a novel eye-tracking tool which is simple and potentially feasible for large scale field research. We will also test non-malnourished children not given RUTF or the PS intervention in order to determine local normal EFA status, child development and cognitive function.
Within the pilot study we will investigate contextual factors such as family socioeconomic status and structure, urban versus rural residence, child HIV status, and maternal mental health to see how these affect the delivery of the interventions and the child's response to them. The project has several components, in addition to development and piloting of the two interventions, which will assist in planning the future clinical trial: determination of the variability in the MDAT, eye-tracking measures of cognitive function, and blood EFA profile which will aid calculation of the number of children needed for a trial; determination of the contextual factors which need to be considered in the trial; engagement with local health care staff managing SAM and providers of child development interventions in order to ensure that our interventions are appropriate and locally owned.
Local understanding, appropriateness and ownership of the interventions will also benefit scale-up of the interventions if they prove beneficial to children in the future large trial. In Ghana and Tanzania the majority of the population engages in different ways with farming and food production. However, these countries fail to feed all their people with healthy, sufficient food for all. Many vulnerable groups do not have enough nourishing, good quality food when and as they need it all year round.
This is all the more serious as many people are actually producing food for the market: they are small scale farmers and often struggle to feed themselves and their families. Farming is labour intensive, prices for food crops are low, pest control is challenging, finance for small farms hard to obtain and many international interventions - especially those providing technological packages for new seeds, fertilisers and pesticides - are often inadequate to local conditions and needs and end up being ineffective when not causing harm.
Moreover, the voices and interests of small scale farmers is hardly ever heard in national-level debates, not to mention international ones. A lot of research on food in Africa is top-down, agendas are set somewhere else, without consulting farmers. This research engages the two main small scale farmers' organisations in Ghana and Tanzania as equal partners, to carry out research with them rather than for them with the goal of advancing the interests of small scale farmers, making them more visible and heard in the national debate, with the longer-term objective of shifting the terms of this debate to put small scale farmers' interest centre-stage.
The team in this research include researchers from universities in the UK, Tanzania and Ghana working together with farmers' organisations on issues identified by farmers themselves. We will train a group of young academics and activists to give them the tools to carry out research that matters to farmers' organisations.
Some of these problems are rooted in the history of food and farming in Ghana and Tanzania - others in global politics. We will share with these young scholars all the ways in which academic research nowadays can be applied to big picture issues so that they will go on after us to use research to be of service to their people. By doing this, we also make sure that these scholars become people the farmers' organisations can rely upon when they need research on urgent issues.
Antimicrobial resistance AMR , the ability of bacteria to resist the effect of drugs, is a threat to human and animal health in resource rich nations like the UK and low and middle income countries like the United Republic of Tanzania. In Tanzania, as in many low and middle income countries, the AMR problem is compounded by the fact that people and livestock often live close together and widespread use of antimicrobials in both.
In response to a global call to action from the World Health Organisation, Tanzania has created an ambitious National Action Plan to combat AMR, including improving awareness and understanding of the AMR problem among policy makers, professionals and the public and enhancing surveillance, research, infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship in people and livestock.
Successful implementation of the NAP is challenged by lack of human and financial resources, making prioritisation of activities and interventions an essential component of an effective and efficient campaign to control AMR.
Our research will provide new evidence to support this prioritisation and targeting, taking an approach that recognises that individuals are part of a larger system and that behaviour of professionals and the public may depend on policy, regulations or knowledge, but also on cultural background, social norms and access to medical, veterinary or diagnostic infrastructure and drugs.
Our team of UK and Tanzania-based researchers and policy experts will take an interdisciplinary approach, working with a wide range of biological and social scientists as well as health professionals and community members, to provide novel insights into cultural, socio-economic and biological drivers of antimicrobial use AMU in hospitals and the community and in contextually appropriate methods of communication around those issues.
We will compare health care settings health centres, district, regional and referral hospitals and livestock keeping communities Chagga, Masaai and Sukuma to reflect a range of professional and cultural contexts. Using focus group discussions, questionnaires and interviews, we will examine factors that influence prescribing and use of antimicrobials and through choice experiments we will examine how changes in e. To complement the socio-economic investigations, we will use DNA-sequencing of hospital -, community - or livestock-associate bacteria in combination with mathematical modelling approaches to establish the relative contribution of different sources and transmission routes to the clinical and economic burden of AMR.
The combination of insight into the drivers and relative importance of behaviours that may contribute to the AMR problem provides a unique opportunity to identify and prioritise levers of behavioural change to reduce AMU and limit the risk and impact of AMR.
Finally but importantly, we will work with policy makers, professionals and the public to design context-specific messages and methods to communicate AMR awareness and infection prevention and control messages in hospitals and community settings, and evaluate the impact of those communication campaigns using a combination of the social and biological sciences methods described above.
The combined outcomes of our research will help priority setting in AMR control by identifying the settings where change is practicable and cost-effective. It will inform implementation of the National Action Plan in Tanzania and serve as a generalisable transdisciplinary model of AMR control in low and middle income country settings. Malnutrition affects one in three people on the planet, with 2 billion people being deficient in one or more micronutrients.
In Sub-Saharan Africa malnutrition is a chronic problem. The sustainable production and consumption of biodiverse nutritious horticultural crops provide a key part of the solution to this problem. There are many indigenous vegetable species that are grown in Africa and sold in local markets, mainly by female producers, as a source of income to alleviate their poverty.
However, many of these crops are under-researched and their full potential has not been realised. African eggplant, Solanum aethiopicum, is such a crop. It is widely consumed across both West and East Africa as a leafy vegetable and also as a fruit.
Similar to these Solanum species, the availability of soil water and the health of the soil, as defined by the presence or absence of diseases, will greatly affect productivity and nutritive content. There is therefore an immense potential to improve the production of African eggplant through better water management strategies, improving soil health and growing varieties that are more resilient to water stress.
Here we will adopt two major approaches to maximise African eggplant production: 1 developing new plant and crop management strategies to improve production; 2 characterise the genetic diversity towards identifying more drought resilient accessions of African eggplant.
To inform best practice for irrigating African eggplant we will characterise the current commercial varieties' responses to a range of soil water deficits. Under controlled conditions we will identify the range of soil matric potentials and volumetric water contents that support optimum yields and nutritive quality. We will test the potential of using hyperspectral imaging to identify the onset of plant water stress and its use as a tool to identify water resilient lines.
Responses to soil water deficits will be further investigated in pot experiments in Africa prior to testing in the field. We will also determine if nursery plants can be primed for a greater resilience to soil water stress and soil health before planting in the field. This will be done by using a mild wilting stress and the use of arbuscular mycorrhiza to induce better plant performance.
Our final plant management strategy is to improve soil health. First we will characterise the DNA present in the soil on African farms to gain understanding of the microbes present and thus soil health. This will inform which soil amendments will have greatest potential to improve soil health, and these will be tested on the farms.
We will assess the effect of these management practices on African eggplant productivity and take into account the economic cost and farmer preference towards generating best practice guides. At the same time as improving crop management we will characterise the extensive germplasm in our collection. To gain understanding of the potential diversity we will resequence the genomes of 20 accessions and identify the variation. We will multiply the seed in our collection and evaluate, in association with farmers, accessions in drought-prone areas and characterise which lines are more resilient to low soil water availability.
Based on farmer feedback we will phenotypically characterise in more detail the preferred accessions and initiate crosses of the best performing lines to advance current breeding programmes. To help inform breeding efforts, we will characterise a population of African eggplants that segregate for their ability to grow under increasing soil water deficits.
We will identify molecular markers that are linked to better drought resilience that can be deployed in the breeding programmes. Cervical cancer is the commonest cancer among women aged between 15 and 44 years in Tanzania.
Mortality from the disease is extremely high because screening programmes are frequently absent or limited in scale and women usually present late, leaving palliative care as the only option. This is primarily because of start-up costs to establish outreach programmes and associated personnel costs with involvement of teachers and nurses who must spend significant time away from their health posts to deliver vaccine, especially if multiple doses are needed.
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