A mathematical model built by Yale University researchers last year concluded that doubling the number of toilets to 11, in Khayelitsha would reduce sexual assaults by a third.
Across the world in Pakistan, Orangi Town in the port city of Karachi is believed home to around 2. Since then, land has also been traded informally, usually through a middleman who subdivided plots of both government and private land and sold them to the poor.
Unlike many other slums worldwide the lack of services - not housing - is the major problem. Communities have built two and three-room houses out of concrete blocks manufactured locally, say activists. Each house is home to between eight and 10 people and an informal economy of micro businesses has emerged as people created livelihoods.
Now globally renowned, the Orangi Pilot Project OPP has helped residents design, fund and build their own sewerage systems and pipelines and, since , has brought latrines to more than , households in a project continuing today. However the dry land ended up being too salty for farming and was slowly picked up by developers who laid out a grid of streets and sold off boxy parcels, most without proper titles. The settlement really grew in a burst of urban migration in the midth century when new arrivals to Neza set up shacks of wood and cardboard, living without electricity, a sewage system or running water, schools or paved roads.
Victoria Gomez Calderon, 82, moved to Neza from eastern Mexico as a young woman, and remembers clearly the putrid remains of the lake just a half block from her tiny home. In the early s, residents banded together to demand services and a government programme to formalise ownership and provide land titles.
Planner Castillo says Neza is teeming with micro entrepreneurs working from home or sharing spaces in what would be called co-working in trendier places. The page draft document up for adoption at Habitat III in Quito is the result of months of closed-door negotiations, held in several nations, including Indonesia and the United States. Some critics are disappointed the policy framework contains no tangible targets and will be non-binding on member states. It talks a lot about commitments but has no dates, places or numbers.
Supporters, however, argue the New Urban Agenda will not only focus attention on the urgent need for holistic planning of cities but also work to fundamentally change the way urban growth is debated and discussed both nationally and globally. Important drivers of planned growth are a well-oiled system of land ownership, title and tenure which then paves the way for governments to collect revenue to pay for new services.
Equally important is the need for concerted planning approaches so new hospitals, bus services, and schools are placed where they are needed with thought given to future growth and employment opportunities. In addition, women are more vulnerable to poverty because they often have limited access to land control and assets outside of marriage or within family ties.
These issues must be taken into consideration when planning or implementing a slum upgrading programme. Determining whether a slum upgrading initiative has been successful depends on expectation and what the goals of the initiative are.
In some cases, the goal is the provision of urban services. In South Africa, for example, there have been some very successful initiatives in which people who had no urban services were supplied with water, sanitation, and access to housing.
Sometimes, access to land has been a fundamental issue in slum upgrading programmes, as in Brazil. There have been numerous cases where slum dwellers were given a right to the land and had a real sense that they would not be evicted. In other areas, such as Latin America, crime is a major problem in slums, and there have been concerted efforts to reduce crime and increase public safety.
The bottom line is that with a growing economy, government commitment to slum upgrading, and community dedication, the slum will gradually transform into a suburb. Achieving a city without slums begins with a shared understanding that slums and their residents are an integral part of the city, and that slum residents have a right to the city and to its services. Both national and local governments must provide the vision, commitment, and leadership required to sustain nationwide upgrading.
Government authorities at all levels and other stakeholders make and uphold the commitment to upgrade slums because is in the best interest of the city and nation.
Create a strategy and plan how to transform slums as part of the core business of managing and improving the city and its economy. An effective tool to define these plans is to carry out a City Development Strategy CDS to identify city priorities, lead to producing a workable plan for the upgrading programme. Partnership is important to successful upgrading.
Successful slum upgrading is a highly participatory endeavour. It is also very comprehensive and complex, needing coordinated inputs from many local government agencies as well as those from outside the public sector. Secure tenure is at the very centre of slum upgrading. Without some form of legal tenure security the situation of slum residents and their neighbourhoods is uncertain: they could be removed at any time.
People who fear eviction will not invest in their houses. They will invest, however, once they have a sense of permanence and realise that they can sell their house and recoup their investment. Furthermore illegality and informality make them susceptible to exploitation, corruption and extortion. Residents are the main partners of slum upgrading programmes. Because their futures are directly affected by the decisions, and because they can help in the upgrading process, it is necessary that they be fully informed and actively involved.
Upgrading is an incremental, but sustained process. When slum upgrading is municipal a core operation, it produces cohesion, coordination, and increases efficiencies in service provision. Stable and consistent national and local budgetary allocations are needed for slum upgrading. Large-scale upgrading programmes need central government support backed by corresponding national budgetary allocations, subsidy policies and human resources.
Upgrading existing slums and preventing new slums are twin objectives of Cities without Slums policy. Until land and housing policies are changed to eliminate barriers for the poor, new slums will continue to occur. Therefore, cities need to introduce proactive measures for producing viable alternatives to slums.
It is important to invest in a community infrastructure that helps build community cohesion. If a government invests poorly, people will not respect the infrastructure.
Slums and Slum Upgrading. What are Slums? What is slum upgrading? UN-HABITAT defines a slum household as a group of individuals living under the same roof in an urban area who lack one or more of the following: Durable housing of a permanent nature that protects against extreme climate conditions.
Sufficient living space, which means not more than three people sharing the same room. Easy access to safe water in sufficient amounts at an affordable price. Access to adequate sanitation in the form of a private or public toilet shared by a reasonable number of people.
Security of tenure that prevents forced evictions. Why do slums develop? There are two main reasons why slums develop: population growth and governance. Population growth Countries around the world are urbanising rapidly as more people migrate from rural areas to the cities and natural population growth continues to occur. Urban migration happens for a number of reasons: The pushing and pulling forces of migration. Governance Another reason slums develop is bad governance.
What do we mean by citizenship rights? The economic and social disruption costs are too high. Ten principles that shape the policy framework for a successful slum upgrading programme 1. Accept and acknowledge slums and their importance. Political will and leadership makes slum upgrading possible. Mobilise partners. Provide security of tenure.
Plan with, not for, the slum communities. Ensure continuity of effort over time and institutionalise the programme. Allocate budget, design subsidies, mobilise public and non-public resources. Find alternatives to new slum formation. Invest in community infrastructure. Rural to urban migration is a natural, inevitable and irreversible process. Many governments have tried to slow it down, divert it or stop it — all have failed.
The rural poor move to urban areas primarily to improve their economic and social opportunities. With good policies, urban growth is essential to reducing rural poverty. Slums should be demolished to stop their formation. Slum demolitions fail. Governments that use mass, forced evictions and demolition only made matters worse and, in every case, do not stop new slums from forming. Apartment buildings provide a better urban solution. Apartments house more families on less land so they are also cheaper.
Studies demonstrate that the residential densities of high- and mid-rise apartments are equal to, or not much greater than that of typical low-income settlements. Dense urban areas have a much smaller ecological footprint — many people live in apartments or smaller connected houses rather than ranch-style homes in sprawling neighborhoods.
Multifamily dwellings have the added benefit of being more energy efficient and they require less resources per person. Cities are also walkable and have public transportation options that can make cars less of a necessity. And above all, densely populated areas make it possible to protect other open spaces to serve as wildlife habitat, farmland, conservation areas, or oxygen-producing forests. But of course, there are ecological downsides to cities as well. Concentrations of people mean concentrations of pollutants and trash.
Cities produce up to 70 percent of global CO2 emissions and smog is becoming a common feature in many urban landscapes. Large swaths of continuous pavement prevent water drainage and boost temperatures.
Without proper infrastructure, cities also risk having waste — both trash and human waste — clogging waterways and causing damage. It is predicted that most future urban growth will happen in settlements currently home to between , and ,00 people, and if this is to be done sustainably, planning is a must.
You are using an outdated browser Internet Explorer not supported. Please upgrade your browser to engage in this experience. The Rise of Slums In less developed countries, densely populated slums form both on the edges and within the largest cities.
The Emergence of Megacities The urban shift over time has led to the emergence of the megacity — a city with a population of 10 million or more. Environmental Pros and Cons A large urban population may seem environmentally troublesome with cities viewed as a disruption to the natural world.
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